Nascar Rumble Racing

Nascar Rumble Racing Psx adalah Game yg sangan seru di mainkan, power up yang keren2 mobil yg banyak jenis nya , type mobil yang beda2.karena selain kita balapan kita juga akan perang dengan mobil lainnya, selain itu karena saya juga udah tahu password biar dapet semua mobil yg terkunci hehehe, nih passwordnya ( KMZWAY87AA), semua mobil yg kerennya kebuka, mantap kan !!

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SREENSHOOTS 

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DOWNLOAD NASCAR RUMBLE RACING (45.8 MB)

Tested in Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit Worked

 

Macromedia Dreamweaver 8

Macromedia Dreamweaver adalah program untuk membuat dan mengedit dokumen HTML secara visual dan mengelola halaman sebuah situs. Dreamweaver menyediakan banyak perangkat yang berkaitan dengan pengkodean dan fitur seperti HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, ASP, ColdFusion, dan XML.

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SCREENSHOOTS

 

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  DOWNLOAD MACROMEDIA DREAMWEAVER 8

Tested in Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit Worked

Avira Premium Security Suite 2013 + Key

Avira ini premium security suite gan, jadi
virus dan semacamnya dan juga perlindungan saat kita ber-internet
sistem proteksinya lengkap, dari serangan, selain itu fersi avira ini adalah fersi 2013 jadi Avira ini adalah fersi terbaru

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 SCREENSHOOTS

 PC PROTECTION

• • Real-Time Protection: Monitors nonstop for viruses, worms, Trojans and more
  • AntiAd/Spyware: Shuts out online spies and annoying adware
  • newProtection Cloud: Ultrafast scanning and immediate online identification of new malware
  • newNetwork Drives: Malware scanning for shared folders
  • Rootkit Protection: Traps hidden malware that conventional antivirus doesn’t find
  • ProActive: Halts undiscovered threats by tracking their behavior
  • AHeAD Technology: Inspects unfamiliar code for suspicious signs
  • AntiBot: Blocks hackers’ attempts to take over your computer
  • Backup System: Safeguards your data in case of an accident, hardware failure or theft

  
  

• INTERNET PROTECTION

  • newBrowser Tracking Blocker: Stops web trackers from recording your activities*
  • newWebsite Safety Advisor: Rates the safety of all sites in your search results*
  • Advanced Web Protection: Intercepts malicious websites before they load
  • Advanced AntiPhishing: Proactively protects you against email scams
  • Mail Protection: Keeps infected emails at a safe distance from your inbox
  • FireWall: Forms a protective seal against intrusions (essential for wi-fi)
  • AntiSpam: Weeds out annoying, offensive junk email
  • AntiDrive-by: Blocks unwanted software downloads while you surf

  * This feature is part of the Avira SearchFree Toolbar (included).

• CHILD PROTECTION

  • newSocial Networks: Extends parental supervision to Facebook and other social media
  • Safe Browsing: Advanced parental controls for blocking inappropriate websites and limiting the time your child spends online

• REPAIR

  • Quick Removal: Eliminates viruses in one click
  • Generic Repair: Removes all traces of a malware infection automatically
  • Rescue System: Jumpstarts your PC in an emergency

• EXTRAS

  • Live Support: Unlimited access to friendly, knowledgeable Avira security specialists
  • Game Mode: Suspends unnecessary notifications during games and movies
  • Netbook Support: Fast performance even on compact machines
  • Express Installation: Skips the boring Q&A to launch your protection fast

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Windows:
Windows 7 (32-bit or 64-bit)
Windows Vista SP1 (32-bit or 64-bit)
Windows XP SP3 (32-bit)
Windows XP SP2 (64-bit) RAM:
Min. 1024 MB RAM (Windows Vista, Windows 7)
Min. 512 MB RAM (Windows XP)
HDD:
Min. 150 MB available disk space (additional temporary and quarantine space needed) Computer
Computer Pentium or later, at least 1 GHz Note:
Administrator rights, an internet connection and a web browser are required during installation.
ProActive is currently supported on 32-bit systems only. 

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 DOWNLOAD AVIRA PREMIUM SECURITY SUITE 2013 + KEY(67,1MB)

Tested in Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit Worked

Smadav 9.1 + Keygen

Smadav2012 Pro Rev. 9.1 ini disebut-sebut sebagai Antivirus lokal terbaik.. Dan dalam versi ini ditambah database virus sebanyak 552 virus

Smadav saat ini fokus pada 4 fungsi utama sebagai berikut :


 

1) Proteksi tambahan untuk komputer Anda, 100% kompatibel dengan antivirus lainnya!

Sebagian besar antivirus tidak bisa di-install bersama antivirus lainnya, itu karena antivirus tersebut didesain untuk proteksi utama pada komputer Anda. Berbeda dengan Smadav, Smadav adalah tipe antivirus yang di-desain sebagai proteksi tambahan, sehingga 100% kompatibel dan dapat berjalan dengan baik walaupun sudah ada antivirus lain di komputer Anda, dalam hal ini Smadav berfungsi sebagai lapisan pertahanan kedua. Smadav mempunyai caranya sendiri (behavior, heuristic, dan whitelisting) dalam mendeteksi dan membersihkan virus sehingga akan lebih meningkatkan keamanan di komputer tersebut. Karena penggunaan resource Smadav yang sangat kecil, Smadav tidak akan menambah berat kinerja komputer Anda dalam penggunaannya. Jadi, dengan perpaduan proteksi antara Smadav dan antivirus yang sudah ter-install di komputer Anda akan semakin memperkuat pertahanan komputer Anda dari infeksi virus.

2) Best USB Antivirus (Proteksi Total USB Flashdisk)

USB Flashdisk adalah salah satu media penyebaran virus terbesar di Indonesia. Smadav mempunyai teknologi khusus untuk pencegahan total virus yang menyebar via USB Flashdisk. Misi Smadav adalah 100% tidak ada lagi infeksi virus dari flashdisk. Smadav mempunyai cukup banyak signature virus yang menginfeksi flashdisk, dan mempunyai kemampuan khusus untuk mendeteksi virus baru di flashdisk walaupun belum ada di database Smadav. Tidak hanya pencegahan, Smadav juga mampu membersihkan virus yang menginfeksi dan mengembalikan file yang disembunyikan virus di USB Flashdisk tersebut

3) Best for offline use (tidak perlu update terlalu sering)

Smadav sangat baik digunakan untuk komputer yang jarang atau bahkan tidak terkoneksi ke internet. Smadav tidak perlu melakukan update sesering antivirus lainnya yang biasanya melakukan update per minggu bahkan per hari. Smadav biasanya melakukan update hanya sebulan sekali (monthly). Smadav tidak terlalu tergantung pada signature/database virusnya, tapi lebih bergantung kepada teknik deteksi behavior, heuristic, dan whitelisting.

4) Cleaner dan tools untuk membersihkan virus

Smadav juga mampu membersihkan virus yang sudah menginfeksi komputer dan memperbaiki registry yang diubah oleh virus tersebut. Antivirus lainnya biasanya tidak melakukan pembersihan registry sehingga komputer belum kembali normal setelah dibersihkan antivirus tersebut. Banyak tools pendukung yang disertakan di Smadav sebagai senjata untuk melakukan pembersihan virus. Catatan : Tidak semua tipe virus bisa dibersihkan Smadav, Smadav saat ini masih belum mampu membersihkan tipe virus penginfeksi program atau tipe rootkit (misalnya : virus Ramnit, Sality, Alman, Virut, dll.) karena jenis virus ini sudah merusak sebagian besar file program Anda. Fokus kami saat ini adalah pembersihan tuntas untuk tipe virus selain dua tipe tersebut (misalnya : virus WormShortcut, Serviks, MSO, Brontok, dll.)
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SCREENSHOTS

 

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 DOWNLOAD SMADAV 9.1 + KEYGEN(685KB)

KEYGEN ONLY(10KB)

Tested in Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit Worked

Wooden Sen'Sey

Wooden Sen'Sey ini merupakan sebuah game pertualangan 2D. Dalam game ini dikisahkan tentang seorang sensei yang semua arak yang dimilikinya dicuri oleh makhluk luar angkasa. Dan si Sensei Goro harus berpetualang untuk mengalahkan makhluk-makhluk ini. 

Kita nanti akan memainkan si Sensei ini temen-temen, dia juga memiliki jurus yang bisa kita pakai untuk menghadapai musuh, seiring jalannya permainan kita juga bisa mendapatkan item senjata yang bisa kita pakai juga untuk menghadapi musuh, Didalam game terdapat sembilan daerah yang berbeda, termasuk padang rumput, dojo, pegunungan, serta di bawah air

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Features repack

 Do not cut / no recoded

 Installation time: ~ 30 sec.

 Installation of additional. Software: DirectX, Visual C + +

 Game Version: 0.9.8

 Bilingual installer

 Repak is based on a license from the Upper Byte

System requirements:

Operating systems: Win XP / Vista / 7

Processor: Intel Pentium Dual Core 06.02 GHz

Memory: 2 GB

Video: 256 MB Shader Model 3.0

Sound: DirectX compatible Sound Card

Place on HDD: 500 MB

 SCREENSHOOTS

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DOWNLOAD WOODEN SEN'SEY (117,1MB)

Tested in Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit Worked

Tiny Troopers

Tiny Troopers adalah game perang, sesuai judul nya game ini menggunakan pasukan pasukan kecil, pasukan-pasukan perang yang kita mainkan ini berukuran kecil, cebol-cebol, tapi lucu. Kita bisa bermain Campaign atau Mission, dan berperang dan menyelesaikan misi-misi
yang tersedia

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 PC Minimum System Requirement:

OS: Windows XP/SP3/ Windows Vista / Windows 7
Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo 1.8 GHz or AMD X2 64 2.0 Ghz
Memory: 2 GB RAM
Graphics: 256 MB HD 2600 or better \ 256 MB Nvidia 7900 or better
DirectX®: 9.0c
Hard Drive: 500 MB HD space
Sound: DirectX 9.0c Compatible

SCREENSHOOTS

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DOWNLOAD TINY TROOPERS (85,5MB)

Tested in Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit Worked

OpenBVE Indonesia

OpenBVE adalah salah satu game simulator kereta api, dengan openbve anda dapat mengedit rute yang dilewati kereta dan rangkaian kereta, dalam openbve indonesia terdapat kereta dan rute yang sama dengan kereta api dan rute di Indonesia, seperti Argo Bromo, Sancaka, KRDE, KRL, Lokomotif yang dimiliki Indonesia, dll. bve diklaim sebagai game simulasi paling realistis sampai detik ini. 
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Spesifikasi minimum hardware:
> Prosesor minimum sekelas Celeron D / Athlon 64 / Atom N280 (disarankan Pentium dual-core atau Athlon X2)
> Kartu VGA dengan optimalisasi openGL minimal Radeon HD 2400 atau nVidia GeForce 8400, atau Intel GMA4500M. Disarankan menggunakan Radeon 4300 maupun nVidia GeForce 260 GTX)
> Memori 1GB (bisa berjalan pada resolusi rendah dengan RAM 512MB). Disarankan RAM minimum 2GB (pada Windows Vista/7).
> Sistem operasi yang mendukung Mono/.NET Framework. Minimum Windows XP SP3 dan bila menggunakan Linux dan Wine disarankan menggunakan Ubuntu 10.10/Fedora 13. 

 SCREENSHOTS

DOWNLOAD

 KLIK GAMBAR UNTUK MENDONLOAD (2,9MB)

Download Rangkaian:

       Lokomotif Pack

Terdiri dari lokomotif BB303, CC201, CC203, CC204 hidung pesek, dan CC204 hidung miring. Masing-masing lokomotif dilengkapi dengan berbagai macam pilihan kereta dan gerbong.

 DOWNLOAD LOKOMOTIF PACK (72,3MB)

KRD dan KRL non AC Pack

Terdiri dari KRD MCW302 Bumi Geulis, Patas, KRDE Prameks, KRL Rheostatik, Rheostatik Stainless, dan KRL Hitachi.

DOWNLOAD KRD & KRL NON AC PACK (29,7MB)

KRL Seri 103 dan 8000 Pack

Terdiri dari KRL ex-JR 103 Lower Cab, 103 Upper Cab, ex-Tokyu 8003F, 8007F, dan 8039F.

DOWNLOAD KRL 103 & 8000 PACK (29,3MB)

Download Route:

INDONESIA ROUTE PACK

Terdiri dari Rute PT.KAI Pemalang-Semarang, Bogor-Sukabumi, Kalibaru-Banyuwangi, Citayam-Cibinong, Padalarang-Cikampek, Bogor-Tebet, Tangerang-Duri, dan rute fiksi Jakarta Metro.

 DOWNLOAD INDONESIA ROUTE PACK (45,2MB)

Counter Strike 2D

Counter Strike 2D merupakan game 2D dari Counter Strike, ukuranya kecil namun cukup seru karena dilengkapi fitur fitur di CS 3D juga seperti karakter, senjata, map, dll

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SCREENSHOT

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Download CS 2D (6,8MB)

Tested in Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit Worked

Slender

Slender ini diambil dari sebuah nama hantu entah di daerah mana yang bernama Slender man, ia memiliki badan yang tinggi, memakai jas, memakai dasi namun wajah nya rata

Gameplay nya kita ada di sebuah hutan yang luas dan sangatlah gelap, dan kita hanya bermodalkan sebuah lampu senter tujuannya adalah untuk menemukan 8 halaman. Slender ini akan muncul, ia berjalan perlahan, namun pasti, jika temen-temen tertangkap (Dipeluk) sama si slender ini, permainan berakhir

       CONTROLS:

• Mouse -- Look around
• W,A,S & D -- Move
• Left Shift -- Sprint
• Left Mouse Click -- Pick up pages
• Right Mouse Click -- Flashlight
• Q & E -- Zoom in/out

SCREENSHOT

Download

Download Slender (45,1MB)

Tested in Windows 7 Ultimate 32-bit Worked

Lokomotif

Lokomotif adalah bagian dari rangkaian kereta api di mana terdapat mesin untuk menggerakkan kereta api. Biasanya lokomotif terletak paling depan dari rangkaian kereta api. Operator dari lokomotif disebut masinis. Masinis menjalankan kereta api berdasarkan perintah dari pusat pengendali perjalanan kereta api melalui sinyal yang terletak di pinggir jalur rel.

Jenis lokomotif berdasarkan mesin

Berdasarkan mesinnya, lokomotif terbagi menjadi

1. Lokomotif uap. Merupakan cikal bakal mesin kereta api. Uap yang dihasilkan dari pemanasan air yang terletak di ketel uap digunakan untuk menggerakkan torak atau turbin dan selanjutkan disalurkan ke roda. Bahan bakarnya bisanya dari kayu bakar atau batu bara.
2. Lokomotif diesel mekanis. Menggunakan mesin diesel sebagai sumber tenaga yang kemudian ditransfer ke roda melalui transmisi mekanis. Lokomotif ini biasanya bertenaga kecil dan sangat jarang karena keterbatasan kemampuan dari transmisi mekanis untuk dapat mentransfer daya.
3. Lokomotif diesel elektrik. Merupakan lokomotif yang paling banyak populasinya. Mesin diesel dipakai untuk memutar generator agar mendapatkan energi listrik. Listrik tersebut dipakai untuk menggerakkan motor listrik besar yang langsung menggerakkan roda.
4. Lokomotif diesel hidraulik. Lokomotif ini menggunakan tenaga mesin diesel untuk memompa oli dan selanjutnya disalurkan ke perangkat hidraulik untuk menggerakkan roda. Lokomotif ini tidak sepopuler lokomotif diesel elektrik karena perawatan dan kemungkinan terjadi problem besar.
5. Lokomotif listrik. Lokomotif ini nomor dua paling populer setelah lokomotif diesel elektrik. Prinsip kerjanya hampir sama dengan lokomotif diesel elektrik, tapi tidak menghasilkan listrik sendiri. Listriknya diperoleh dari kabel transmisi di atas jalur kereta api. Jangkauan lokomotif ini terbatas hanya pada jalur yang tersedia jaringan transmisi listrik penyuplai tenaga.

   Jenis lokomotif berdasarkan roda

    

• kode B artinya lokomotif dengan 2 roda penggerak atau Bo-Bo

Misal Lokomotif Uap Tahun 1898: Seri B Bristol

• kode C artinya lokomotif dengan 3 roda penggerak atau Co-Co

Misal Lokomotif Uap Tahun 1905: Seri C Birmingh
am

• Kode BB artinya lokomotif bergandar 2 2 jadi dengan roda penggerakada 4 as roda atau memiliki 8 roda

Misal Lokomotif Diesel Hidrolik

Indonesia: BB 304

• Kode CC artinya lokomotif bergandar 3 3 jadi total penggeraknya ada 6 as roda atau memiliki 12 roda .

Misal Lokomotif Diesel Elektrik Indonesia: CC 203 

• Kode D artinya lokomotif bergandar 4 loko jenis ini biasanya hanya memiliki gandar tunggal sehingga total penggeraknya ada 4 as roda dengan jumlah roda 8.

Misal Lokomotif Uap Tahun 1954: Seri D54 Krupp Liepzig

Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Institute issues an annual list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine and Zambia.

Ancient cultures

Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "soot found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires." The forging of metals appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production.

Official acknowledgement

King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke had become a problem. But the fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow. Air pollution would continue to be a problem in England, especially later during the industrial revolution, and extending into the recent past with the Great Smog of 1952. London also recorded one of the earlier extreme cases of water quality problems with the Great Stink on the Thames of 1858, which led to construction of the London sewerage system soon afterward.

It was the industrial revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal and other fossil fuels gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Other cities followed around the country until early in the 20th century, when the short lived Office of Air Pollution was created under the Department of the Interior. Extreme smog events were experienced by the cities of Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania in the late 1940s, serving as another public reminder.

Modern awareness

Pollution became a popular issue after World War II, due to radioactive fallout from atomic warfare and testing. Then a non-nuclear event, TheGreat Smog of 1952 in London, killed at least 4000 people. This prompted some of the first major modern environmental legislation, TheClean Air Act of 1956.

Pollution began to draw major public attention in the United States between the mid-1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed theNoise Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act and the National Environmental Policy Act.

Smog Pollution in Taiwan

Bad bouts of local pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB dumping in the Hudson Riverresulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. Long-term dioxin contamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 became a national news story in 1978 and led to the Superfund legislation of 1980. Legal proceedings in the 1990s helped bring to light Chromium-6 releases inCalifornia--the champions of whose victims became famous. The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name brownfield, a term now common in city planning.

The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination, which can remain lethally radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. Lake Karachay, named by the Worldwatch Institute as the "most polluted spot" on earth, served as a disposal site for the Soviet Union throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Second place may go to the area of Chelyabinsk U.S.S.R. (see reference below) as the "Most polluted place on the planet".

Nuclear weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War, sometimes near inhabited areas, especially in the earlier stages of their development. The toll on the worst-affected populations and the growth since then in understanding about the critical threat to human health posed by radioactivity has also been a prohibitive complication associated with nuclear power. Though extreme care is practiced in that industry, the potential for disaster suggested by incidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl pose a lingering specter of public mistrust. One legacy of nuclear testing before most forms were banned has been significantly raised levels of background radiation.

International catastrophes such as the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany in 1978 and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature of atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of global warming. Most recently the term persistent organic pollutant (POP) has come to describe a group of chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Though their effects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of widespread use.

Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given rise to environmentalism and theenvironmental movement, which generally seek to limit human impact on the environment.

Forms of pollution

The Lachine Canal in MontrealCanada, is polluted.

The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular pollutants relevant to each of them:

• Air pollution:- the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM₁₀ to PM_2.5.

• Light pollution:- includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.
• Littering:- the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties.
• Noise pollution:- which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
• Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides,pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
• Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment. (Seealpha emitters and actinides in the environment.)
• Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.
• Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space debris.
• Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally or through spills) into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; release of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may contain chemicalfertilizers and pesticides); waste disposal and leaching into groundwater; eutrophication and littering.

Pollutants

A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence.

Sources and causes

Air pollution comes from both natural and man made sources. Though globally man made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation.

Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries,petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides

About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year. The United Statesalone produces about 250 million metric tons. Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's population, but produce roughly 25% of the world’s CO₂, and generate approximately 30% of world’s waste. In 2007, China has overtaken the United States as the world's biggest producer of CO₂, while still far behind based on per capita pollution - ranked 78th among the world's nations.

In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists, economists, and policymakers from more than 120 countries, said that humans have been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded. But to change the climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium–found in rechargeable batteries, and lead–found in lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic and benzene. In 2001 a series of press reports culminating in a book called Fateful Harvest unveiled a widespread practice of recycling industrial byproducts into fertilizer, resulting in the contamination of the soil with various metals. Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity, such as TCDD.

Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, andpetrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs orrefineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.

In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide.

Effects

Human health

Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throatinflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination ofdrinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrhoeal sickness every day. Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water. 656,000 people die prematurely each year in China because of air pollution. In India, air pollution is believed to cause 527,700 fatalities a year.Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the US could be over 50,000.

Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induceshearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercuryhas been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologicsymptoms. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metalshave been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects.

Environment

Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment. There are a number of effects of this:

• Biomagnification describes situations where toxins (such as heavy metals) may pass through trophic levels, becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process.
• Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO₂ becomes dissolved.
• The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
• Invasive species can out compete native species and reduce biodiversity. Invasive plants can contribute debris and biomolecules (allelopathy) that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native species competitiveness.
• Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilise land which can change the species composition of ecosystems.
• Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production oftropospheric ozone which damages plants.
• Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web.
• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which lowers the pH value of soil.

Environmental health information

The Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) at the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) maintains a comprehensive toxicology and environmental health web site that includes access to resources produced by TEHIP and by other government agencies and organizations. This web site includes links to databases, bibliographies, tutorials, and other scientific and consumer-oriented resources. TEHIP also is responsible for the Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) an integrated system of toxicology and environmental health databases that are available free of charge on the web.

TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) that is part of TOXNET. TOXMAP uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory and Superfund Basic Research Programs.

Regulation and monitoring

To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.

Pollution control

A litter trap catches floating rubbish in theYarra River, 

 east-central Victoria, Australia

A dust collector in Pristina, Kosovo

Gas nozzle with vapor recovery

A Mobile Pollution Check Vehicle in India.

Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control ofemissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff.

Practices

• recycling
• reusing
• reducing
• mitigating
• preventing

Pollution control devices

• Dust collection systems
  • Baghouses
  • Cyclones
  • Electrostatic precipitators
• Scrubbers
  • Baffle spray scrubber
  • Cyclonic spray scrubber
  • Ejector venturi scrubber
  • Mechanically aided scrubber
  • Spray tower
  • Wet scrubber
• Sewage treatment
  • Sedimentation (Primary treatment)
  • Activated sludge biotreaters (Secondary treatment; also used for industrial wastewater)
  • Aerated lagoons
  • Constructed wetlands (also used for urban runoff)
• Industrial wastewater treatment
  • API oil-water separators
  • Biofilters
  • Dissolved air flotation (DAF)
  • Powdered activated carbon treatment
  • Ultrafiltration
• Vapor recovery systems

Perspectives

The earliest precursor of pollution generated by life forms would have been a natural function of their existence. The attendant consequences on viability and population levels fell within the sphere of natural selection. These would have included the demise of a population locally or ultimately, species extinction. Processes that were untenable would have resulted in a new balance brought about by changes and adaptations. At the extremes, for any form of life, consideration of pollution is superseded by that of survival.

For humankind, the factor of technology is a distinguishing and critical consideration, both as an enabler and an additional source of byproducts. Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards. Since science holds experimental demonstration to be definitive, modern treatment of toxicity or environmental harm involves defining a level at which an effect is observable. Common examples of fields where practical measurement is crucial include automobile emissions control, industrial exposure (e.g.Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) PELs), toxicology (e.g. LD), and medicine (e.g. medication and radiation doses).

"The solution to pollution is dilution", is a dictum which summarizes a traditional approach to pollution management whereby sufficiently diluted pollution is not harmful. It is well-suited to some other modern, locally scoped applications such as laboratory safety procedure and hazardous material release emergency management. But it assumes that the dilutant is in virtually unlimited supply for the application or that resulting dilutions are acceptable in all cases.

Such simple treatment for environmental pollution on a wider scale might have had greater merit in earlier centuries when physical survival was often the highest imperative, human population and densities were lower, technologies were simpler and their byproducts more benign. But these are often no longer the case. Furthermore, advances have enabled measurement of concentrations not possible before. The use of statistical methods in evaluating outcomes has given currency to the principle of probable harm in cases where assessment is warranted but resorting to deterministic models is impractical or unfeasible. In addition, consideration of the environment beyond direct impact on human beings has gained prominence.

Yet in the absence of a superseding principle, this older approach predominates practices throughout the world. It is the basis by which to gauge concentrations of effluent for legal release, exceeding which penalties are assessed or restrictions applied. The regressive cases are those where a controlled level of release is too high or, if enforceable, is neglected. Migration from pollution dilution to elimination in many cases is confronted by challenging economical and technological barriers.

Greenhouse gases and global warming

Historical and projected CO₂ emissions by country.
Source: Energy Information Administration.

Carbon dioxide, while vital for photosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as pollution, because raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earth's climate. Disruption of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of pollution that would normally be classified separately, such as those of water and air. Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical increases in the acidity of ocean waters, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems.